Iluphi uhlobo lokuhlola oludingekayo emikhiqizweni yezimonyo?

Ubungaqagela yini ukuthi izimonyo esizisebenzisayo namuhla: ukuthuthukisa izici nobuhle bethu, zisuka enkathini yaseGibhithe lasendulo futhi zazisetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihluke ngokuphelele?

Ngale bhulogi namuhla, sizobuyela emuva eminyakeni engu-6,000 ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kokuvela kwe Make-up & Cosmetics esimeni sokuphepha nokuhlola. Umbono wokuqala wezimonyo ungalandelelwa eGibhithe lasendulo, lapho izimonyo zazisebenza khona njengendinganiso yengcebo ukuze zikhange konkulunkulu bazo futhi zibhekwa njengezilandela ukumesaba uNkulunkulu. Izimonyo zafeza izinjongo eziningi zokuqeda amehlo amabi nemimoya eyingozi, izinjongo zokwelapha, ukuhlaba onkulunkulu umxhwele, nokuhlukanisa isikhundla emphakathini. Ebhekwa njengomthombo wamandla omuntu siqu, u-Kohl wayengomunye wezimonyo ezithandwa kakhulu ezifana ne-black eye shadow yanamuhla. Baze bagqoka i-lipstick ebomvu, eyenziwe ngokuxuba amafutha ne-ocher ebomvu futhi baze basebenzise i-Henna, ukuze bangcolise iminwe nezinzwani zabo. Kamuva, yaya eGreece naseRoma lasendulo, eminyakeni engaba ngu-4000 edlule, lapho abantu bakhona babelwela ukuzuza ukubukeka kwemvelo okwengeziwe, lapho abesifazane, babethanda ukugqoka okuthinta ukukhanya okumibalabala ezihlathini nasezindebeni kanye nezithako okwakhishwa kuzo le makeup. , yavela ekuxubeni izitshalo nezithelo kanye nodayi nemercury (manje okuthiwa iwubuthi) kanye noju namafutha omnqumo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukusungulwa kwempushana yesisekelo esikhanyayo, okokuthambisa, nokuhlanza, kwase kwenzekile futhi okuhambisana nakho, amalahle asetshenziswa ukwenza amashiya abe nesibindi.

Ukusuka eYurophu, uhambo lwe-makeup lwafika e-China, eminyakeni engaba ngu-600 kuya ku-1500 edlule, lapho abasebukhosini baseShayina, ngokusungulwa kwe-nail polish, baqala ukuyisebenzisa ukuze bamelele isimo sabo senhlalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaholi bezinga eliphezulu babegqoka umbala wesiliva noma wegolide, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaholi abasezingeni eliphansi babegqoka okumnyama noma okubomvu futhi amakilasi aphansi ayenqatshelwe ukugqoka noma iyiphi i-nail polish. Ukwengeza, baphinde basebenzisa izisekelo ukuze bahlukanise phakathi kwesigaba sasebukhosini nabasebenzi. I-pigment esetshenziswa ezimonyoni eziningi yenziwa izitshalo ezibilayo, amafutha ezilwane, nezinongo, i-vermillion. Ukuqhubekela phambili, cishe eminyakeni engu-500 edlule, isikhathi lapho ababhali abangamaKristu baqala ukwakha ubudlelwane phakathi kwezimonyo nokuhlukana nombono ka-Elizabeth wobuhle wathola ukuduma. Abesifazane baqala ukusebenza kanzima ekunakekeleni isikhumba, ukuze bazinikeze ukubonakala kwesikhumba esingenasici ngokwemvelo besebenzisa izindlela zokupheka ezizenzelayo, futhi konke kwashintsha kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Wonke umuntu wesifazane waqala ukukha amashiya, enze isikhumba sibe mhlophe, esebenzisa uviniga nomthofu omhlophe futhi anemibala ezihlathini nezindebe zabo ngezimhlophe zamaqanda, i-ocher, ngisho ne-mercury. Ngokudabukisayo, lezi zindlela zobuhle zeza ngenani lengozi enkulu empilweni yabo futhi zadlala indima enkulu ekwehliseni iminyaka yokuphila kwabo ibe iminyaka engama-29. Kamuva, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo, izimonyo zaqala ukukholelwa ukuthi azifani, futhi lokhu kwadala ukuhlehla ngokumelene nokukugqokisa, kodwa lokhu akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside nokukhula kweHollywood, okwabangela imboni yobuhle ukuba ichume, futhi kusukela lapho, yaqala. ukuze ithengiswe ebantwini. Futhi emhlabeni wanamuhla, imicabango yethu ngezimonyo ibanzi futhi ithuthukiswa kuwo wonke umuntu walo lonke uhlanga, ubulili nesigaba. Izimonyo namuhla azinazithiyo!

Ukuphepha Okokuqala

Emashumini eminyaka adlule, njengoba besibona, izimboni Zobuhle Nezimonyo zikhula ngesivinini. Lokhu kubangele ukwehla kwezithiyo ekungeneni, futhi noma ubani angaqala kalula uhlobo lwakhe lobuhle. Nakuba lokhu kusinikeze ngokunenzuzo izinhlobo nemikhiqizo ethokozisayo nephazamisayo enobubanzi obubanzi, kunokukhathazeka mayelana nokuphepha komkhiqizo. Osokhemisi abaningi bobuhle balwela iqiniso lokuthi, uma noma yimuphi ukhilimu, okokugcoba noma okokuhlanza kutholakala emakethe, ukuhlolela ukuphepha, ikhwalithi, nokusebenza ngempumelelo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umkhiqizo awulimazi abasebenzisi futhi uvikela amabhrendi kunoma yiziphi izinkinga ezingokomthetho ezingaba khona emgqeni. . Ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo wezimonyo kwenziwa ukuhlola imikhiqizo yezimonyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iphephile esikhumbeni noma emzimbeni. Njengoba imikhiqizo yezimonyo ithintana ngqo nesikhumba, ingaba yingozi uma kungenzeka iqukethe izinto ezingezinhle nezilimazayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kuzo zonke izindlela kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthi singaphindi okwenzeka esikhathini esidlule. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani ezikhiqiza izimonyo zekhwalithi enhle zidinga ukugcina ukwethembeka komkhiqizo wazo. Ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo kudlala indima ebalulekile emikhiqizweni ezothengiswa, okwenza kube nenzuzo enkampanini, kumthengisi, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu kumthengi noma umsebenzisi. Kunezizathu eziningi ezinhle zokuhlola kahle izimonyo, kungaba ukuvikela izintshisekelo zenkampani, noma ukuqinisekisa ukuvikela impilo nokuphepha kwabathengi abasebenzisa imikhiqizo.

Njengoba umqondo wezimonyo eziningi yiqiniso lokuthi ezesikhashana futhi zihlala zinamandla. Lapho ukuphepha kwehluleka, kungase kubangele umonakalo unomphela, ngokuvamile hhayi nje esikhumbeni kodwa nasemehlweni. Ingozi kumthengi iyingozi enkampanini. Ngokungayihloli imikhiqizo yazo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi iphephile ukusetshenziswa, izinkampani zithatha ithuba lokuthi kukhona okungahamba kahle futhi zingagcina zithole icala.

Kubalulekile ukuvuma ukuthi noma iyiphi inkampani ingakha amaphakheji adonsa amehlo kakhulu noma izindlela ezisheshayo zokwenza umthengi athenge leyo nto yokuqala, kodwa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo iyodwa ingaqinisekisa amakhasimende aphindaphindiwe. Ngokuhlola imikhiqizo yazo yezimonyo, izinkampani zenza isiqiniseko sokuthi imikhiqizo yazo izohlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ekhaya ukuze ikhasimende lithandane. Izithiyo ezinjalo yizinto ezinjengokushintsha kwephunga lomkhiqizo, ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi e-cosmetic, ngisho nokucasuka kwesikhumba. Zonke lezi zinto zingatholwa ngokuhlolwa futhi zilungiswe ngaphambi kokuba umkhiqizo ufike kumthengi.

Ngokuthengisa umkhiqizo omusha, inkampani idinga ukuwuhlola ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi izodayisa. Izivivinyo zizophinde zibasize bazi uma umkhiqizo wabo usengozini yokuhlukaniswa, ukushintsha imibala, noma ekugcineni ube nephunga elibi. Futhi hhayi lokhu kuphela, kodwa futhi mayelana nendlela yokulebula futhi uma abathengi kufanele banikezwe iziyalezo eziqondile mayelana nokugcinwa okufanele, ukuzijwayeza nokuthi bangasebenzisa isikhathi esingakanani ngokweqiniso umkhiqizo ngemva kokuvula ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola, izinkampani zezimonyo zinenzuzo yokuveza ngokunembile ububanzi bemikhiqizo yazo.

Inhlangano Ejwayelekile Yokulawula Izidakamizwa

Ukuthembela kwabathengi kuba nzima kakhulu ukukuthola kodwa ukukulahlekela kungaba lula njengokuphazima kweso. Kuya ngezwe lapho umuntu edayisa khona ngemikhiqizo yakhe, kuyasebenza imithetho eyahlukene. Isibonelo, e-European Union, abakhiqizi kufanele balandele imithetho eshiwo ngaphansi kwefayela Lolwazi Lomkhiqizo (PIF) futhi benze izivivinyo ezithile eziyisibopho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi e-USA, iFood and Drug Administration (FDA) ilawula ukuphepha komkhiqizo. E-India, i-CDSCO icacisa isimonyo njengomkhiqizo othile ongasetshenziswa abantu ukuwugcoba esikhumbeni ukuze bahlanzeke, bahlobise, noma bathuthukise ukubukeka. E-India, imvume ye-CDSCO iyadingeka ezithasiselweni zombala ezisetshenziswa kuzimonyo nezidakamizwa. Izimonyo kufanele zilebulwe ngokufanelekile futhi akufanele zixutshwe futhi zifakwe igama elingafanele kunoma yikuphi. Nokho, umuntu unesibopho esingokomthetho sokwenza imikhiqizo engaphephile nenelebula engafanele. Ilayisensi inikezwa ngemuva kokuthi imikhiqizo ibonwe ukuthi iphephe ngokwanele.

Ukuhlolwa: Ungaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi Umkhiqizo Wezimonyo uphephile?

 Nakuba uhlobo lokuhlola lungahluka kuye ngamazwe, okunikezwe ngezansi ukuhlola okuvamile okusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wezimonyo uphephile ukusetshenziswa, futhi ungahluka, kuye ngesigaba nezimangalo kanye nezithako ezisetshenzisiwe.

  1. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Microbiological: Njengoba sazi ukuthi yonke into iqukethe ama-microorganisms, kanjalo nemikhiqizo yezimonyo. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi, angaba yingozi kubathengi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo futhi angaholela ngisho nasekuhlanganisweni kwamagciwane namanye amakhemikhali, abangele ushintsho emkhiqizweni futhi awenze ube yingozi. Yilapho lokhu kuhlolwa kungena khona ekukhiqizeni. I-Microbiological Testing isiza abakhiqizi ukuthi bahlole ukwakheka kwesistimu ye-preservative futhi baqinisekise ukuthi umkhiqizo awunakho ukukhula okungaba khona kwama-microorganisms ayingozi. Amasampula emikhiqizo ahlolwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezisiza ekugqamiseni ubukhona bamagciwane, imvubelo noma isikhunta. Futhi ihanjiswa kamuva Ekuhlolweni Kwenselele okwaziwa nangokuthi Ukuhlolwa Kokusebenza Kwe-Preservative, ukusiza ekuhlonzweni kusenesikhathi kwengozi yokukhula okunjalo.
  2. Ukuhlolwa Kwesampula Yezimonyo: Ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo wezimonyo kufanele kwenziwe ngokwezimfuneko ze-Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemibandela yokubhaliswa komkhiqizo wezimonyo ongenisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele futhi ihlangabezane nezicaciso zomkhiqizi ngamunye, umthengi nomthengi ngamunye. Ukuhlolwa kwesampula kuhlanganisa okulandelayo
  • Ukuhlaziywa ngokomzimba namakhemikhali wezinto ezingavuthiwe nezithako ezisebenzayo
  • Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kokuhlola ukuba khona kwezinsimbi ezisindayo kuzimonyo, imibala evinjelwe namakhemikhali
  • Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi ye-Microbiological ukuqinisekisa ukungabikho kwezibalo ze-microbial kanye namagciwane
  • Isilinganiso sekhwalithi nenani lezithako ezisebenzayo
  • Ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba okubandakanya amapharamitha afana ne-viscosity, amandla okusabalalisa, ukuhlolwa kokuklwebheka, ukuhlolwa kokukhokha
  • Isilinganiso sesici sokuvikela ilanga
  • Ukucasuka kwesikhumba kanye nezifundo zokuzwela;
  • Ukuhlolwa kokuzinza, ukunqunywa kwempilo yeshelufu, njll.
  1. Ukuhlola Ukuzinza: Kuphinde kube nethuba eliphezulu lezimo zemvelo, okudala umthelela omkhulu kumkhiqizo okubangela ukuthi uguqulwe futhi ungavikeleki ekusetshenzisweni kwabathengi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Yilapho lokhu kuhlola kuqala ukusetshenziswa. Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kwenza abakhiqizi bakwazi ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuphila komkhiqizo, umkhiqizo ugcina ikhwalithi yawo yamakhemikhali kanye ne-microbiological futhi wenza imisebenzi yawo kanye nokugcina isici sawo somzimba. Kulokhu, amasampula omkhiqizo afakwa ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela ukuze kunqunywe ukuzinza kwawo nobuqotho bomzimba futhi agxile kunoma yiluphi ushintsho embala, iphunga nanoma yisiphi isici somzimba. Lokhu kuhlola futhi kwenza abakhiqizi bakwazi ukuhlola izimo zesitoreji futhi babikezele impilo yabo yeshalofu.
  2. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza: Lokhu kuhlola kugcina ingqikithi yayo kusukela esizathwini esikhulu lapho umthengi enquma ukuthenga umkhiqizo, okuyisimangalo esisekelwe emisebenzini yawo kanye nemiphumela yangemva kokusetshenziswa. Ukuhlola ukusebenza kuwuhlolo olwenziwa ukuze kuboniswe izimangalo ezenziwe umkhiqizo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyiqiniso noma kungamanga. Inambitha umkhiqizo ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwayo, ukusebenziseka, ukuqina nokusebenza kwayo. kuphinde kube yingxenye yokuqinisekisa ukuthi konke okukhuthazwayo kuyafakazelwa. Lokhu kungaqondakala kalula ngesibonelo: Ake sithi, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-XYZ luthuthukisa umkhiqizo walo ngomugqa wethegi wokulwa nezinduna phakathi namahora angu-24. ngakho lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi kwenza lokho elikufunayo noma cha.
  3. Ukuhlola Ukuphepha Ne-Toxicology: Lokhu kuhlola kusiza abakhiqizi ukuthi banqume ukuthi noma iyiphi into yomkhiqizo nezingxube zethulwa nganoma iyiphi ingozi uma kusetshenziswa amakhasimende noma cha. Ngakho-ke ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa aziqukethe noma iyiphi into enobuthi, lokhu kuhlolwa kuyenziwa. Ukuhlola okuningana kufakiwe ukuze kugqanyiswe umphumela womkhiqizo lapho uthintana nesikhumba nokucasuka kwesikhumba samehlo, ukugqwala, ukungena, nokuzwela.
  4. Ukuhlola Okuhambisanayo Nokupakishwa: Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa komkhiqizo, kubalulekile ukuthi amaphakheji nawo ahlolwe, ikakhulukazi lawo, athintana ngqo nomkhiqizo osuphelile ngoba amakhemikhali angasabela kalula nganoma iyiphi enye into futhi angaba yingozi kumakhasimende. Lokhu kuhlola kuzobheka ukuthi ingabe kukhona yini ukungqubuzana phakathi kokwakhiwa komkhiqizo nokupakishwa.

Amalabhorethri Okuhlola Izimonyo eNdiya

Izwe lethu linawo amalebhu okuhlola umkhiqizo wezimonyo aphawulekayo eNdiya, amanye awo alandelayo:

  • Gujarat Laboratory
  • I-Sigma Tests & Research Center
  • I-Spectro Analytical Lab
  • I-Arbo Pharmaceuticals
  • Ucwaningo lwe-Auriga
  • Amalabhorethri e-RCA
  • I-Akums Drugs & Pharmaceuticals njll.

Uma kuziwa emikhiqizweni yezimonyo, ukuphepha kuwukukhathazeka okubaluleke kakhulu okufiswa umthengi. Ukuhlola umkhiqizo kubalulekile ukugcina isheke futhi unciphise ubungozi futhi uqinisekise ukuphepha komkhiqizo wezimonyo. Imithethonqubo manje iyaqiniswa ngoba le mikhiqizo ibeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni yabathengi futhi kusukela manje idinga ukuthi ibe nolwazi lwakamuva uma yethulwa futhi kufanele izinikele ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi nokuphepha.

shiya impendulo

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